Business Law Case Brief Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business Law Case Brief - Essay Example Karen Howsam had a right to choose the arbitrator. Karen Howsam decided to forward the case to the national association of security dealers for arbitration. NASD’S codes of the allowed arbitration procedure stipulate that no dispute is eligible for submission once there is a lapse of six years. The plaintiff, Dean Witter Reynolds, filed a complaint to the federal district court asking the court to declare the case ineligible. Dean Witter further asked the court to block the defendant Karen Howsam from filing for arbitration. He cited the lapsed six years as a basis for the illegibility. On the appeal of the case, the court of appeal looked into the district court ruling that they had no right to interpret and apply the existing NASD rule. The court of appeal for the tenth circuit reversed the district court rule. It stated that the case had abitrability concept, and the court had a right to rule on the time limit provision. They held that the arbitrator had to apply the time limit rule in the underlying dispute. According to Henry (2009), the arbitrator may decide on cases that are substantive in their nature while the court rules on cases that are procedural. The court ordinarily may rule on the question of abitrability. Justice Stephen G Beyer delivered the ruling based on the opinion of various judges. The judges agreed that the NASD rule on the time limit was a matter to be decided on by the arbitrator presumptively. The issue did not raise a question of abitrability that could call for resolving by the judiciary. NASD’s time limit rule falls within a class of the gateway procedural disputes that do not present abitrability. The question of abitrability can only be ruled by the judiciary unless the parties have a provision stating clearly otherwise. It has a limited scope and, can only be applicable in few circumstances where the contracting party’s would have

Chester Company Essay Example for Free

Chester Company Essay A unique and interesting problem arose when one company, a monopoly within the business-to-business (B2B) sensor market, split into six companies with identical products and equal footing within the market. As Director of Finance for Chester Company, one of the newly formed entities, it is important for me to identify a strategy that will enable the company to remain viable and be successful in the future. An in-depth analysis of the industry situation report provided good metrics to project future customer desires and total market potential. In order to be successful, the strategy that the management team develops must work within the identified parameters while attempting to predict how the other five companies in the B2B sensor market will proceed. There are only two segments of the B2B sensor market: low technology and high technology. The only product Chester Company offers currently fulfills the needs of both markets but this will change as the newly formed entities revise and develop products to meet customer needs. The high tech segment is appealing but will require continual investment in research and development to maintain the standards that customers expect. It will be easier to meet the needs of the customers within the low tech segment but there will likely be more competition for market share. 1. The strategy that I would like to see the management of Chester Company adopt over the next five years is that of â€Å"niche cost leader† (Capsim Management Simulations, 2012) for the low technology segment of the B2B sensor market and to obtain thirty-five percent of that market. This will be achieved by appealing to customers’ sense of thrift. To cut prices below the competition, management should retain the current product and not invest much in research and development. Production costs must also be greatly reduced. To do this, an early investment in automation is necessary as it will reduce labor expenses in future years which will increase the margin and profitability of the company. This investment will be financed through the issuance of stock and long term bonds. I also plan to provide the marketing department with a very generous budget in the first couple of years to aggressively target the market and increase the awareness and accessibility of the product early on. Short term borrowing will be necessary to finance operations and provide a cash cushion to prevent the need for an emergency loan. 2. There is a great chance for Chester Company to earn good profits within the low tech segment over the next five years. Although the price of the product must be kept to a minimum this will be offset by decreasing costs which increases the contribution margin. Also, there is greater demand for products in the low technology segment of the B2B sensor market which is expected to increase approximately ten percent each year. However, Chester Company shareholders may realize a loss in the first year due to the high marketing budget and cost of labor because the automation rating is low. Unfortunately, some sacrifices will need to be made early on to realize greater profits in the long term. 3. The product that is most important to the success of Chester Company is Cake; the product currently being produced. During the first year of business, this product will have the ability to appeal to customers across both segments of the B2B sensor market and will ultimately become the favored product of the low tech segment. Management will take advantage of the dual appeal of Cake in the first year by taking a portion of both the low tech and high tech markets in an attempt to retain some profitability. Ultimately, the product will be positioned so that it takes a large portion of the low tech market and will likely not take any portion of the high tech market by the fifth year. The plan that I developed focuses primarily on the success of the company for the next five years as there will be a lot of volatility in the market and further projections are impossible to make at this time. It is difficult to predict how the competitors within the B2B sensor market will be positioned which makes it essential for management to decrease costs as much as possible and increase market share within the low technology segment of the market. My advice to the rest of the management team is to avoid the appeal of developing a new product for either market early on and to avoid the high tech market altogether within the first five years because it will be difficult enough to remain profitable and succeed without squandering business assets on developing a product which will have little chance of being profitable within that timeframe.

Most famous plays

Most famous plays In the Prologue, line six, Shakespeare tells his audience that A pair of star-crossd lovers take their life. How far does Shakespeare prepare his audience for the tragic end of Romeo and Juliet? It is well known that the story of Romeo and Juliet is probably the most famous love story ever written. The tragic ending of the story is equally well known. Romeo and Juliet is one of Shakespeares most famous plays. It is the story of two star crossd lovers from conflicting families. The audience follow them as they fall in love and go to extreme lengths to be together. The story ends with the tragic death of the two lovers which brings together the two families in their grief. This storys ending differs from the typical traditional love story fairytale type ending along the lines of .. and then, they all lived happily ever after. The End. That type of ending leaves an audience feeling good at the end because it contains the feel good factor a happy ending. It is the lack of this usual type of feel good factor in Romeo and Juliet which makes it necessary for Shakespeare to prepare his audience for the comparatively harsh ending of the story. To prepare the audience for the tragic ending Shakespeare makes extensive use of the literary technique of foreshadowing in which he drops hints about the plot developments to come later in the play. By clever use of foreshadowing, Shakespeare is able to successfully manipulate the audience. The overall structure of the plays an important part in preparing the audience for the tragic outcome. Most people are aware of the notion that first impressions are important. Shakespeare takes advantage of this concept in presenting Romeo and Juliet to the audience. Shakespeare takes into consideration the strong impact of first impressions in constructing the structure the play. It is obvious that he carefully chose what order to put the events in and which bits to highlight, for maximum effect. Evidence of this can be seen in the key situations involving first impressions the plays introduction, the nature of the opening scene, Romeos first appearance and the lovers first meeting and conversation. In all of these, the sense of foreboding is always present. At the beginning of the play, the audience are likely to be open minded because they are eager to watch the play. Due to this they are likely to be more impressionable at this stage than in later stages in the play. Romeo and Juliet opens with a prologue. The obvious purpose of the Prologue is to introduce the play to the audience. However, it also has a more significant and deeper function. The chorus is the most obvious example of dramatic irony in Romeo and Juliet -the whole play is watched by the audience whilst knowing the plot and the ending. The Prologue sets the scene for the story and states the climax of its plot and whilst doing so gives away its ending. This starts the atmosphere of foreboding. In summary, the Prologue tells us that the stars control the lives of Romeo and Juliet, and that they are doomed to die because the stars are against them. The Prologue refers to an ill-fated couple using the metaphor star-crossd, which literally means against the stars. This is very significant since at the time that the play was written, it was a common belief that the stars controlled peoples destinies. So the Prologue itself is responsible for creating this sense of fate by informing the audience so very early on that Romeo and Juliet will die and this is done even before the play has begun! Consequently, the audience will then watch the play expecting the conditions set by the Prologue to be fulfilled. It seems that the fate from which Romeo and Juliet cant escape is in fact the structure of the play itself. To be exact, it has to be said that the Prologue is not foreshadowing since foreshadowing only hints at precise what will happen later on, whereas the Chorus in the Prologue actually tells outright what is to come rather than just hint at it. The second verse of the Chorus sonnet actually summarises the plot of the play: From forth the fatal loins of these two foes A pair of star-crossd lovers take their life; Whose misadventured piteous overthrows Do with their death bury their parents strife (Prologue 5-8) The fact that the next verse repeats the same message indicates that Shakespeare was determined to ensure that this message got impressed upon the audience very early on, in order to ensure that the foreshadowing which follows later on in the play would be heeded by them. So it is apparent that Shakespeare was intent on leading the audience to expect a tragic outcome right from the beginning. Even though it starts off as a light comedy, the overall impression created by the opening scene is that of a hostile atmosphere created by violence and conflict. The violent focus of the opening scene has a powerful visual impact on the audience. Since the play is about a conflict between love and hate, by introducing the hate in the opening scene, Shakespeare highlights the hate which is going to be opposed to the love. This does not bode well for the love story which is to follow, which the audience are anticipating. This kind of a start is unlikely to lead to a happy and peaceful ending. It seems to suggest that similar unpleasant situations may follow. Furthermore, this introduction to violence and conflict so early on serves to ensure that the audience become accustomed to unpleasant situations. So, right from the start the audience is being familiarised with the concept of conflict or threat so that the seeds of the unhappy ending are being sown. When Romeo makes his first appearance he comes across as a lovesick rejected lover who is depressed and wallowing in self pity. As he reflects on love and hate, the oxymorons he uses to describe his feelings make him seem to be in love with the idea of being in love. Why then, O brawling love, O loving hate, O any thing of nothing first create! O heavy lightness, serious vanity, Misshapen chaos of well-seeming forms, Feather of lead, bright smoke, cold fire, sick health, Still-waking sleep, that is not what it is! This love feel I, that feel no love in this. Shakespeare has put together contradictory words to convey the turmoil that love is causing Romeo. His reflection begins with two oxymorons, setting brawling versus love, and loving versus hate. He is portrayed as being a romantic dreamer and someone who is led by his feelings. We see a man who gets deeply affected by love. His use of language stresses the confusion in his mind and the fact that love has two sides. This has the effect of creating a sense of conflict around the subject of love and this is before he even meets Juliet! Furthermore, it sets off a sense of foreboding around the subject of love. The first impression created by the lovers meeting is that despite the sweetness of the encounter, the sense of foreboding continues to linger on. This is because even whilst the lovers are using the language of love and wooing each other, the atmosphere of foreboding is ever present because of the actual references to death that they both make during that period. Another device which Shakespeare uses to prepare the audience for the tragic outcome is that he weaves an underlying thread of foreboding throughout the play. The various factors which contribute to the build up of the sense of foreboding in the play include the extensive use of dramatic irony, frequent and persistent references to fate and death, references to the darker side of love and the occurrences of violence and conflict. In the following part of this essay I will detail the various methods which Shakespeare uses to successfully weave foreboding throughout the play. Right at the start, the Chorus mentions a pair of star-crossed lovers (line 6) and thereafter there are repeated ominous hints that Romeo and Juliet are fated to die. Even before Romeo has met Juliet, as he is about to join Capulets party, he has a premonition: my mind misgives Some consequence, yet hanging in the stars, Shall bitterly begin his fearful date With this nights revels and expire the term Of a despised life, closed in my breast, By some vile forfeit of untimely death (1.4.106-11) Shakespeare introduces a note of foreboding just as Romeo is about to meet Juliet for the first s time by hinting that he is going to develop into a tragic character. With the words of the Chorus still fresh in the minds of the audience, hearing these words from Romeo would remind them of the terms set by the prologue. Romeos words foreshadow what actually happens in the rest of the play. A chain of events does begin night, and that chain of events does lead to Romeos early death. Just after they have met, each lover has a similar foreboding that this love will have a fated disastrous ending. When Benvolio says to Romeo; Away, be gone. The sport is at the best, Romeo replies, Ay, so I fear (1.5.119-20), which reveals that he is worried that things can only get worse from now on. When Juliet realises that Romeo is a Montague (an enemy), she says; Prodigious birth of love it is to me That I must love a loathed enemy (1.5. 140-1)) The fact that she links this moment of meeting in terms of both birth and death does not bode well for the future of their love. Referring to Romeo, Juliet says; If he be married. My grave is like to be my wedding bed (1.5. 135). She is implying that if Romeo is married, she will be likely to die unmarried, because she will not marry anyone else. However, she is unknowingly foreshadowing her future, in which her grave does end up becoming her wedding bed. Her remark starts off the many associations of love and death in the play. So, from its very first appearance in the play, the love between Romeo and Juliet is portrayed as being doomed. When Romeo goes to marry Juliet, he throws a challenge to fate; Do thou but close our hands with holy words. Then love-devouring death do what he dare. (2.6.6-7). An Elizabethan audience would have considered this act of Romeos to be very ominous. They would have been likely to expect fate to rise to such a challenge and end up being the winner. Romeos words foreshadow what actually happens because love-devouring death arrives very soon after the wedding. When Juliet shows concern for Romeos safety, Romeo assures her that its ok if her kinsmen find him, because his; life were better ended by their hate. Then death prorogued wanting of thy love ( 2.2.77-78). Romeo means that hed much rather have her love and die on the spot, than not have her love and die later. He does get her love, and that love leads to his death. When Romeo leaps down from Juliets window and the lovers are exchanging their final farewells, Juliet has a premonition: Methinks I see thee, now thou art below, As one dead in the bottom of a tomb. Either my eyesight fails, or thou lookst pale (3.5.55-57). Sadly, Juliet is foreshadowing the fact that the next time she sees Romeo he will be dead in a tomb. Later on in the play, Romeo mentions a dream in which he; dreamt my lady came and found me dead (V.1.6). This further builds upon the foreboding nature of Juliets vision. Juliet pleads with her mother to help her avoid the marriage to Paris saying that if she wont help her then she should, ..make the bridal bed In that dim monument where Tybalt lies (3.5.198-201) Juliets implication that she would rather die than marry Paris foreshadows the fact that by the end of the play she will be sleeping with her husband in that dim monument where Tybalt lies. Juliet then asks the Friar to help her to avoid marrying Paris. She says, the Friar could, hide me nightly in a charnel-house, Oer -coverd quite with dead mens rattling bones, With reeky shanks and yellow chapless skulls, Or Bid me go into a new-made grave And hide me with a dead man in his shroud, (4.1.81-88) Juliets description foreshadows the fact that she does hide in a charnel house, and Tybalt will be the dead man in his shroud. It is not only Romeo and Juliet who foreshadow their own deaths the words used by all around them also hint at their tragic ending. At the feast, Tybalt makes a promise to himself that he will make Romeo pay for coming to the feast. He says; I will withdraw, but this intrusion shall Now seeming sweet convert to bitter gall (1.5.91-92). The word gall can mean an extremely bitter substance, and it can also mean poison. This hints that Romeos sweet love for Juliet will lead to his death by poison. The Friar reflects that there is some good in every plant and mineral, even if it is dangerous. However, theres nothing so good; but, straind (wrenched) from that fair use, Revolts from true birth (natural goodness), stumbling on abuse (2.3.19-20) So, Virtue itself turns vice, being misapplied and vice (is) sometimes by action dignified (2.3.21-22). The Friar thinks that the powers of nature need to be used carefully: there can be danger in too much of a good thing, and good can sometimes come out of something bad. The Friars words reflect the nature of many of the events which follow, for example, the love (a good thing) of Romeo and Juliet brings them death ( a bad thing), and their death (a bad thing) brings an end to the feud between the Montagues and Capulets ( a good thing). There is a certain type of recurring remark encouraging the audience to associate death with Juliet, which is particularly effective in building the sense of foreboding and darkening the atmosphere of the play. Over and over again Shakespeare introduces the idea that Juliet will be the bride of Death. I think that the most powerful personification in the play is the image of Death as Juliets husband-bridegroom. It recurs in different forms. Juliet herself first speaks like this the moment after she has first met Romeo: Go ask his name. If he be married, My grave is like to be my wedding bed (1.5.134-5). After hearing of Romeos banishment she looks at the ropes which he would have used to gain access to her room, and says: He made you for a highway to my bed, But I, a maid, die maiden-widowed. Come, cords. Come, Nurse. Ill to my wedding bed, And death, not Romeo, take my maidenhead. (111.1.134-7) Her mother also encourages the audience to think in this way about Juliet. When Juliet refuses to marry Paris, an angry Lady Capulet remarks, I would the fool were married to her grave (111.5.140), Juliets father, Capulet, speaks in a similar way when he thinks Juliet is dead: Death is my son-in-law. Death is my heir. My daughter he hath wedded. I will die And leave him all. Life, living, all is deaths. (1V.5.38-40) When Romeo sees Juliet in the tomb, he thinks that Death loves her; .. Ah, dear Juliet, Why art thou yet so fair? Shall I believe That unsubstantial death is amorous, And that the lean abhorred monster keeps Thee here in dark to be his paramour? (V.3.101-5) Remarks like these lead the audience to closely associate death with Juliet so that when she does finally die, they are not too badly affected. They also ensure that death is always in the back of the minds of the audience; they encourage us to expect it to be the result of the lovers affair and so impress on us the hopelessness of their situation. Throughout the play, it is made very obvious that the lovers are doomed the audience are led to believe that they do have to die. A horrible succession of coincidences destroys them. The events which contribute to the outcome of the lovers deaths, such as the feud between the two families, the series of accidents that spoil the Friars plans and the tragic timing of Romeos suicide and Juliets awakening, all seem to be the work of the cruel hands of fate. The audience are given the impression that circumstances are constantly arranged to work against them. If any one of the many coincidences had been different, then the tragedy would have been avoided. Romeo and Juliet are shown to be the victims of those circumstances. These coincidences have an important dramatic purpose: the fact that things keep going against the lovers creates the impression that an outside force of some sort is at work. The audience is repeatedly given the impression of fate as an outside force working against t he lovers. They are often portrayed as not being responsible for their fates. This view is encouraged by Shakespeare throughout the play and it leads the audience to pity the lovers. There are many suggestions in the play that the deaths were determined by fate. Throughout the play there are numerous references to the inevitability of the tragedy, for example star-crossed (Prologue, line 6), the yoke of inauspicious stars (V.3. 111). No matter how hard the lovers may try to overcome the obstacles in their way, the audience is left in no doubt that fate will win in the end. Both Romeo and Juliet make references to an outside power which they believe is shaping their lives. They speak of themselves as the innocent victims of that power. After killing Tybalt, Romeo exclaims; O, I am fortunes fool (111.1.136 Then later he refers to himself as a betossed soul (V.3.76), suggesting that he feels like a helpless ship in a storm, being blown here and there by fate. And when Juliet learns that she must marry Paris she feels upset and exclaims; Alack, alack, that heaven should practise stratagems Upon so soft a subject as myself! (111.5.210-11). She sees herself as a weak victim of the schemes of fate. On hearing the news of Juliets death, Romeo angrily cries; I defy you, stars (V.1.24) This indicates that he believes fate to be responsible for her death. As Romeo looks at the dead body of Paris, he thinks of the two of them as the victims of circumstances, both written; in sour misfortunes book (V.3.111-12) The Friar, realising that his plan had failed, tells Juliet that there was nothing he could do against the fate which seems to have worked against the lovers: A greater power than we can contradict Hath thwarted our intents (V.3.153-4). The frequent and persistent references to fate throughout the play collectively suggest that destiny will win in the end. They serve to create the impression that the lovers are at the mercy of fate. Shakespeare portrays the love between Romeo and Juliet as being ideal. However, he doesnt just show love as being ideal he shows that love has a darker side too. The references to the darker side of love create an atmosphere of foreboding and remind the audience of the words of the Prologue. When Romeo is in love with Rosaline and being moody, Benvolio teases him, saying: Why, Romeo, art thou mad? Here love is shown as a kind of madness. The Friar thinks that Romeo should control his feelings and be less hasty and impetuous. He advises Romeo to be cautious: Wisely and slow. They stumble that run fast (11.3.90). Furthermore, he warns Romeo against being too passionate: These violent delights have violent ends. And in their triumph die, like fire and powder, Which as they kiss consume. (11.6.9-11) His words are tragically prophetic of the deaths of the lovers. He tells Romeo: love moderately, long love doth so, (11.6.14-15) Clearly, the lovers dont follow his advice. Romeo is too passionate and rushes into whatever his feelings lead him to. He rushes into love with Juliet, rushes into marriage, he kills Tybalt without stopping to think, and after hearing of Juliets death he rushes back to Verona to kill himself. If he had slowed down, and thought about what he was doing, the deaths might have been avoided. The romantic love of Romeo and Juliet leads to their deaths because they act without thinking of the consequences. And the result is that they die. To an Elizabethan audience it would have been plainer than to a modern audience that the lovers were wrong to marry in secret without the consent of their parents. In a way even the feud is based on love. After the fight in Act 1, Romeo says: Heres much to do with hate, but more to do with love. (1.1.167) The violence of the feud is caused by the love and loyalty the Montagues and Capulets feel for their families The negative aspects of love show that love can be destructive and dangerous. This creates an air of foreboding. The occurrences of violence and conflict in the play help the audience to become used to unpleasant situations. The many different forms of conflict in Romeo and Juliet include those between: Montague and Capulet, love and hate, the bridal bed and the grave Shakespeare often uses antithesis to highlight the sense of conflict by using opposites. In this way the conflict is expressed in a more powerful way. For example, there are at least fifteen antitheses contained in Friar Lawrences first speech (11.3.1-30), as he reflects on the potential for good or evil in all living things ( baleful weeds versus precious-juiced flowers, tomb against womb, Virtue against vice, ..). Another example of contrasting antitheses is the speech in which Capulet grieves for Juliet (1V.5, 84-90). He powerfully contrasts the happy preparations for the intended wedding with the mourning rites for her death. The first two lines set festival versus funeral: All things that we ordained festival, Turn from their office to black funeral Sometimes Shakespeare uses a special kind of antithesis called an oxymoron in which two contradictory words are placed next to each other. For example, Shakespeare uses the oxymoron sweet sorrow in order to effectively express Juliets conflicting emotions when she and Romeo are about to part, Parting is such sweet sorrow The oxymoron sweet sorrow intensifies the conflict felt by Juliet at being sad to leave Romeo (sorrow) and yet excited (sweet) because she will be seeing him again. It allows a lot of information to be conveyed to the audience with a few words. It allows Juliets conflicting emotions to be conveyed to the audience in a very powerful way with just a few words. After hearing of Tybalts death, Juliet strings together a list of oxymorons (111.2.75). Shakespeare uses the verbal conflict in these words of opposite meanings to very effectively reflect Juliets emotional conflict: she loves Romeo and yet is appalled at what he has done in killing Tybalt. To express the confusion of her feelings, when Juliets fears that Romeo is dead, she puns on the pronoun I, the vowel i , the eye and the word ay(111.2.45-50). Her lines very effectively convey that if Romeo is dead then she too stops existing as a person as an I. In Romeo and Juliet Shakespeare makes skillful use of language to influence the audience. He uses vivid words and phrases to create imagery which helps to stimulate the audiences imagination to stir up mental pictures which are emotionally charged. For example, Chorus uses powerful metaphors to suggest what will become of the lovers in referring to them as star-crossed and their love as being death-marked. Shakespeare also uses imagery to deepen the dramatic impact of particular moments or moods. All of Shakespeares imagery uses metaphor, simile or personification. Those which refer to death have a particularly powerful affect on the audience. This is because death is such a feared subject by everyone that its mention immediately has a strong impact. When I was watching the play, the personification which affected me in the most powerful way was that of the image of Death as Juliets husband-bridegroom. The atmosphere of the play plays an important part in influencing the audience. The general mood changes throughout the play, going from romantic to comic to violent to tragic. Apart from letting the audience know that its a tragedy in the Prologue and thereafter frequently reminding them of that fact, the general mood is kept relatively light in the first two acts. However, Act 3 starts with violence and death and then from thereon the atmosphere gets bleak as the events accelerate towards tragedy. The bleak atmosphere helps to make the tragic event more acceptable because it prevents the tragedy from having a shocking effect on the audience. One of the methods which Shakespeare uses to appropriately vary the atmosphere of the play is by using the scene settings to create certain moods. The settings of a scene help to give each scene the right type of atmosphere. The final scene is set at night in a graveyard and tomb. Its a suitably gloomy and morbid setting for the tragic ending of the play and it helps the audience to anticipate and accept the tragedy. Shakespeare also uses language to create atmosphere. For example, Juliet reflects on the conditions inside the tomb before she takes the potion; Where bloody Tybalt, yet but green in earth , Lies festering in his shroud, where, as they say, At some hours in the night spirits resort (4.3.42-44) This death-fixated language and imagery very effectively creates a really spooky and morbid atmosphere which is very appropriate at that point in the play. In Romeo and Juliet everything happens in one week between a Sunday and a Thursday. Since the coincidences happen within this very short time-frame, it gives the audience the impression that events are speeding towards tragedy. This makes the situation feel increasingly desperate which creates tension in the play. Events seem to happen in a rush, sweeping Romeo and Juliet along with them. The audience get drawn in by the terrible logic of how things go wrong and cant help being swept along with them because there is a sort of morbid fascination in watching it happen. Due to the fact that every thing in the play seems to happen at great speed, I felt as though I was rushed along and the death of the lovers didnt have as strong a sad impact on me as it would have had if the pace had been slower. I felt as though I wasnt given enough time to feel bad. In order to soften the impact on the audience of the plays tragic conclusion (so that they dont end up feeling thoroughly depressed and/or traumatised), Shakespeare prepares the audience for the eventual outcome well before they arrive at that sad point. Throughout the play there are numerous references to the inevitability of the tragedy. From the very beginning of the play, throughout it, and right to the end, Shakespeare uses a variety of methods to make it blatantly obvious that his intent with this play is that of a tragedy and he uses a lot of dramatic irony to convey this. This is necessary to ensure that when the audience do eventually encounter the dreadful outcome, they dont become overwhelmed, although they may be saddened. He ensures that by the end of the play the audience have come to terms with the fact that that the lovers will die they were introduced to that concept from the start of the play, and thereafter frequently and persistently reminded of it. They are able to accept it and deal with it comfortably because they have been well prepared for it. The fact that the play did not end with the deaths of Romeo and Juliet made the tragedy more acceptable to me. This is because their deaths were not in vain. The Prince had tried to stop the feuding, but failed. The Friar hoped that the marriage of the lovers might unite the families, but his scheme went wrong. So, neither the Church (the Friar) nor the State (the Prince) were able to end the feud. But the love of Romeo and Juliet was able to end the feud. Their love was so great that it united their families. So, the play ends not with the deaths of Romeo and Juliet but with an end to the feud as a result of their deaths. The deaths of Romeo and Juliet will bring peace to Verona. I dont think that I would have enjoyed the play if it had ended with the deaths. It would have been too negative. I like fact that the play ends on a positive note that of love healing old wounds. It seems that the Friar was right sometimes, something good can come out of something bad.

The Potential of Africas Global Economic Integration Essay -- Interna

Africa has long been thought of as a place where trade could not happen, especially on an international level. In recent times however, there has been a push to create more integration among African nations. These nations have realized the benefits which occur when firms are freely able to engage in investment from country to country moving away from the old protectionist policies of earlier years. As the textbook Global Business explains, these policies have, on numerous occasions before, triggered â€Å"retaliation that further restricted trade† (Peng, 2009). Governments there have also tried their hardest to change the image in the media of the continent and send signals to the public saying that they are indeed open to trade. To do so, they have used a series of tactics to push towards a more business-friendly continent. Many have shifted to being democratically elected governments focusing on the country and not just the ruling family. In addition, new laws have been impl emented to combat corruption in an attempt to gain more integration. Many of their efforts have been successful and these efforts have made it attractive to do business there. With countries like Ghana experiencing economic expansion of a record 13.6% in 2011 and an overall growth rate of 6% for countries in the continent in 2012 (The Economist, 2011), well above that of any rivaling Asian country, it is paramount that regional and global integration occur and other regions and international nations take advantage of opportunities available. Some companies and countries have recognized the huge potential for trade and investment in Africa and are starting to get involved; for example China, who are choosing to accept the risk in exchange for profits, are becoming ... ...ne, 08 Aug. 2012. Web. 24 Feb. 2014. Peng, Mike W. Global Business. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning, 2009. 221. Print. Rothmyer, Karen. "They Wanted Journalists to Say ‘Wow’." President and fellows of Harvard College (2011): Discussion Paper Series D-61. Web. 27 Feb. 2014. Shen, Li. "What Makes China's Investment Successful In Africa: The Entrepreneurial Spirit And Behavior Of Chinese Enterprises In Transitional Times." Journal Of Developmental Entrepreneurship 17.4 (2012): -1. Business Source Complete. Web. 24 Feb. 2014. Yeh, Stuart S. "Ending Corruption In Africa Through United Nations Inspections." International Affairs 87.3 (2011): 629-650. Business Source Complete. Web. 24 Feb. 2014. Vogt, Heidi. "Ethiopian Airlines Pilot Acted Strangely Before Hijacking, Family Says." The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Company, 19 Feb. 2014. Web. 24 Feb. 2014.

Dreams and Nightmares: Big Parts of Our Lives? Essay

Everyone sleeps. Humans, dogs, primates, rats, and the rest of earth’s inhabitants all experience the relaxing and necessary state of sleep. It appears to just be an unconscious state essential for survival; however, much more is going on than meets the eye. Sleep is accompanied by dreams, a term associated with adventures, experiences, and conflicts, which occur in one’s mind during those hours while one is fast asleep in bed. All people dream from the moment they enter this world to the day they leave, but whether or not they remember what they experienced the previous night varies. I, of course, am no exception and have dreams dating years back to my younger days that have remained in my memory. Upon waking, I recall having a confused, entertained or disturbed reaction to these dreams and even remember some of them affecting the rest of my day or just my life in general. The recent premiere of the movie Inception, a movie revolving around the dream world, has helped spark my interest into the dreams and their true purpose. I have been pondering if they have a bigger role in our lives rather than just a source of entertainment while we sleep. Prior to beginning research, my factual knowledge of dreams was quite limited to my personal experiences, as I have had my fair share of dreams as well as nightmares. I knew that dreams were usually perceived as happy and nightmares were almost always frightening experiences. Some dreams could also be interpreted for deeper meanings. Lastly, prior to researching, I knew dreams only lasted a portion of the time, and one usually had a difficult time remembering the content of the dream upon awakening. Through my research I wished to discover how people are affected by their dreams and nightmares in their behavior, mood, and their overall physical health. I also wished to know if there were any past evidences of events which happened in direct correlation to dreams. I was hopeful in finding the true meaning of dreams and how big of a role they actually have in our lives. Dreams do not come and go as they please; the period when people experience dreams is when they are peacefully sleeping. When one finally falls into a slumber, the body and mind follow a cycle through five sleep phases (Obringer). In the first phase, one is in a very light sleep where it is easy to be wakened, and as the cycle continues one falls into a deeper and deeper sleep. Up to the fourth phase, muscle activity greatly declines, breathing and heart rate slow down, and the brain sends out the slowest of the brain waves, Delta Waves. Up to this point, known as Non REM sleep, the body and mind are at basically full relaxation without experiencing rapid eye movement. The fifth phase, however, is when things seem to reverse. As the body enters the fifth stage, known as Rapid-Eye Movement, or R.E.M, the heart and breathing rate accelerate, blood pressure rises, and brain activity increases to the same level as when one is awake (Obringer). This is the period when most dreaming takes place. The body also appears to get paralyzed by an amino acid during this stage and it is suggested that â€Å"this paralysis could be nature’s way of making sure we don’t act out our dreams† (Obringer). REM was named after the movement of the eyes during this period, where the brain tells the eyes to move and scan a scene that only exists in the mind (Dement 299). One goes through this entire five-phase cycle about four or five times a night, with each dream only lasting about five to twenty minutes (Diagram Group 24). How could an event with such a short duration possibly have a big impact on our lives? Dreams have been deemed important and meaningful in our lives for thousands of years. From the Babylonians and Egyptians to the Greeks and the Romans, dreams have been believed to be of great importance. In ancient times, people believed most of the dreams to be sent from the gods and nightmares to be sent from demons (Diagram Group 4). They believed dreams helped heal the sick and injured, delivered messages and demands from the gods, and even foresaw the future (5-7). In later years, theories began to develop about the purpose of dreams. One of the most respected theories came from Sigmund Freud, a well esteemed psychologist. Freud believed that dreams serve to aid in maintaining sleep through possible disturbances: â€Å"When one is sleeping and is exposed to a disturbing stimulus, psychological processes would work to incorporate the dream into a dream rather than allow the person to be woken† (Robbins 14). For example, a loud noise in the dreamer’s environment would be morphed into thunder in a dream by the mind to keep the dreamer asleep (Robbins 14). He also claimed that dreams used symbols to show us our hidden aggressive and sexual desires (The Diagram Group 32). Others suggested that dreams showed one’s hidden ambitions and fears, one’s desire for power and one’s past memories. Everything seen in a dream is a projection of the dreamer. Despite the theory, it was clear that dreams had a purpose in life rather than just to entertain dormant minds. From the earliest moments in time, people have wakened from sleep just after going through an experience they could have sworn had actually occurred; however they had only just experienced a dream, or a series of images, sensations, ideas, and emotions occurring in the mind during sleep. As time has passed and dreams have been recorded and recalled, categories of dreams have been developed: lucid dreams, where one knows he’s dreaming; nightmares, disturbing dreams with anxiety and frightening images; recurring dreams, repeating dreams with little variation; healing dreams, dreams that affect the body; prophetic dreams, dreams seemingly to predict the future; progressive dreams, a sequence of dreams that continue over period of nights; and epic dreams, vivid dreams that one cannot ignore (Dream Moods Inc). All these dreams have the common underlying fact that â€Å"[they] reflect your own underlying thoughts and feelings†¦ and [everything] in your dreams are personal to you† (Common). Dreams have been described as links to our subconscious. It is said that the subconscious never stops taking in all the factors, events and people that affect one’s life: †¦Henry Reed talks about a higher self, or â€Å"the witness†, which watches everything we do, say feel and think. Our high self never goes to sleep, it is always awake, watching, processing and seeing things from an objective perspective as we struggle through our lives (â€Å"Dreams†). Henry Reed, a psychology professor at UCLA, used the term higher self to refer to the subconscious of the body. The body and mind may sleep, but the subconscious does not, as if analyzes everything that one saw, experienced, smelled, etc and all other aspects of a person’s life. It recognizes stress and other negative factors impacting our lives, and, as a result, dreams are created in order to help people solve problems and get on with their journey through life. The subconscious can make images and â€Å"embed symbols inside of dramatic stories† in dreams so that â€Å"you can see yourself from the inside†, and be capable of solving personal issues one may never have recognized before, or has just neglected in hopes it would go away (â€Å"Dreams†). Dreams provide valuable insight deep within oneself, and have led to affect many people’s lives upon returning to reality. Dreams experienced during the night may majorly affect people for the rest of their day once awake. Dreams revolving around the body can help in avoiding potential health problems and aid in the healing process when one is sick or grieving (Dream Moods Inc). Bodies have the capability of warning the mind through dreams that something is wrong before physical symptoms even appear, leading to many people making sudden doctor and medical appointments. Dreams also have the ability to overall heal the mind and body through a feeling of rejuvenation. Progressive and recurring dreams help people solve problems they usually do not face directly and usually try to avoid. These can also be called problem solving dreams, as they allow one to explore different options and approaches to a problem, situation or relationship. Prophetic dreams appear to show future actions and events, or provide a sneak peak, before they occur in one’s life. These have potential to greatly alter one’s actions during the day, as one may try to change the future depending on the content. Dreams, in general, also have potential in determining one’s mood for the following day. Those that cause strong emotion or feelings canâ€Å"[affect] the body†¦ practically as much as does an†¦ emotion when awake† (Walsh). A dream that causes extreme sadness can lead to one absorbing that emotion and feeling it throughout the rest of the day. Dreams are packed with symbols and metaphors that can lead to realizations of feelings deep within oneself, such as hidden feelings of being powerless, vulnerable, alone or ashamed (Pliskin 123). If one realizes the symbol and attempts to change the feelings, dreams actually can be life changing experiences. Another area dreams serve in is in the creativity department. They sometimes serve as store houses for inspiration, as The Dream Foundation says, â€Å"†¦Artists, musicians, dancers, sculptors, and inventors are able to dive deep into the source of inspiration and explore the vast reaches of their own creative potential by meeting face to face with the unconscious†. The Beatles’ popular hits ‘Yesterday’ and ‘Let It Be’, Robert Louis Stevenson’s The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hide, and works by artists such as Billy Joel and Beethoven are all examples of creations based off dreams. Dreams have the potential to have a very large role in determining the actions we take in life. Upon awakening, one must remember this concept: Dreams serve as the voice of our subconscious, and if it’s ignored, it may try to gain your attention in a more powerful way. A more negative and powerful type of dream is the nightmare. The word nightmare actually alludes to a night devil, who people used to believe would approach you as you were sleeping and press against your chest which caused the nightmares (Robbins 10). Of course this belief has been discredited but it has not stopped people’s lives from being greatly affected by nightmares. What exactly could be behind you having a nightmare? Well, besides the chance that you may just have a nightmare one night, there are other pre-sleep activities that may cause nightmares. A late night snack actually leads to an increase of the metabolism and also increases brain activity (WebMD). Medications and drugs may also be underlying factors, as they affect the brain in numerous and varying ways. Lastly, post-traumatic stress disorder can lead to nightmares as it causes people to relive past horrifying experiences. Nightmares are caused by many things that impact and increase brain activity, as well as just past bad memories. However, these nightmares greatly impact one’s body. They can lead to sleeping deprivation, or insomnia, as they actually make one scared to sleep because of the chance of a recurring nightmare. Sleep deprivation then leads to other medical conditions such as heart disease, depression and obesity. Due to quickened heart rate and increased blood pressure from the fear and anxiety associated with nightmares, natural death can even actually occur for those with bad heart conditions. Along with all the physical effects on the body, nightmares, just like dreams, act as warnings and have deeper meanings while analyzed. One example of a common nightmare is being in an out of control car. This may be a signal that you feel your life is hectic (Dreams Foundation). If you find a way to slow life down this type of recurring nightmare may cease. If one tries to ignore or block nightmares, the subconscious, who is behind the content of the dream, may try to â€Å"speak louder to get our attention† (Dreams Foundation). They may start affecting our waking lives in sickness, accidents, relationship difficulties or other unfortunate issues that force us to deal with the problem. Although nightmares seem very negative one must remember this concept: â€Å"An avoidance or denial approach is much like putting a band aid on a car’s blinking oil light because the light seems annoying† (Dreams Foundation). Why ignore something that can potentially change your life for the better? The information I collected on dreaming led me to conclude that dreaming is, in fact, a huge part of our lives. Dreams virtually act as the voice of our subconscious and they warn us, help us and just sometimes allow us to go on adventures that are impossible in reality. Dreams occur for our benefit. That being said, nightmares occur for our benefit as well. Despite all the negative effects nightmares may have, they, just as dreams do, provide a window into our hidden and secret problems and ambitions. The purpose of dreams is not to supply pure entertainment while asleep, but to get out suppressed feelings that can change our life for the better. I was surprised to find that dreaming actually may lead to death as some people with worse heart conditions could die from the increase in heart rate while dreaming. I was also surprised to find that many artists are inspired by what images or people they see in their dreams. Further questions I have include how our mind is able to create places and people we’ve never seen before and yet make them meaningful and familiar to us? This research has most definitely opened my eyes to what’s really going on when my eyes are closed. In the future when I dream I shall be determined to find what the meaning is to me and how it can possible change my life for the better. Dream on.

Teenage Dating and Domestic Violence

Teenage Dating and Domestic Violence Abstract Violence is a part of our life. No matter how hard we try, it always finds a way to enter our homes and hearts. Domestic violence occurs when an individual uses force to injure another one physically, emotionally, sexually or financially. Women believe that they are abused because of not achieving household tasks, being unfaithful and refusing to have sex.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Teenage Dating and Domestic Violence specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More People do not always report about the domestic violence. Many feel scared, ashamed and guilty, so they try to hide everything not only from strangers, but even from their friends and other members of the family. Teenage dating violence has lots in common with domestic violence, as one partner abuses the other one in order to gain control over him/her. The motivation to conduct violence differs depending on the gender. Females claim to use force to defend themselves while males want to control the relationships. When girls try to use violence their partners usually laugh at them. When boys do it, girls tend to be in depression, commit suicide or take drugs. That is why it is important to report about the violence to the police and support groups in order to be safe and start a new life. Introduction Violence is a part of our life. No matter how hard we try, it always finds a way to enter our homes and hearts. Is seems that the greatest pain is the one caused by a person we love. Violence may be conducted by both genders, by one or two partners. In this case we are talking about the intimate partner violence, which includes teenage dating and domestic ones. It is even reported that about 17,000 homicides happen each year because of the intimate partner violence (Kenney, 2011). This abnormal relationship can turn not only an abuser into a murderer, but also a victim. It is commonly thought that women usually act savagely one ti me while men tend to do long-term violence cycles. All these have a negative impact on the individuals, their family and society in common. That is why today many organizations offer mental and material support to the victims. Domestic Violence Domestic violence occurs when an individual uses force to injure another one physically, emotionally, sexually or financially. The force can be applied to a partner, child or elder. As a rule, women become victims of domestic violence.  From the very beginning only physical attack was considered to be domestic violence. Today we differentiate different types of it.Advertising Looking for research paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Lynetta (2011), physical abuse occurs when a person uses his/her â€Å"size, strength or presence to hurt or control someone else† (p. 2). Emotional abuse is harder to prove, but it is not less serious and threatening. It includes insulting one’s nearest and dearest, isolating, intimidations, criticizing etc. Any sexual actions determined to control a person are considered to be sexual abuse. It includes touching, rape or minimizing feelings. No one is protected from becoming a victim of domestic violence. It is even thought that â€Å"this is not random violence; the risk factor is being female† (Finley, 2013, p. 20). 20 per cent of women who experienced violence suffered from domestic abuse. 85 per cent of its victims are females, which is an extremely high number that shows the size of the problem and provokes its investigation. A lot of factors can influence people’s lives and increase the possibility of violence in a family. For example, a parent may feel guilty for the child’s behaviour and redirect it on the spouse. Or one may feel neglected because all attention is paid to a child and show dissatisfaction through abuse. If some members of a family have mental or physical problems they might become victims (having no strength to retaliate) or abusers (trying to show their power). Financial problems and problems at work cause stress and make one nervous, which can also lead to domestic violence. If violent actions were a normal thing for several generations, it is difficult for the descendants to omit the repetition of the story. Some women are taught that all men behave in a certain way and are rude. People who spent a lot of time isolated from others may feel insecure and yield to circumstances. Alcohol and drug abuse scramble brains and make a person unstable. This can also happen because of the society’s influence. As people are made to think that one-parent households are abnormal and should not exist. It forces them to do everything to keep the family together. Women believe that they are abused because of not achieving household tasks, being unfaithful and refusing to have sex.  People do not always report about the domestic violence. Many feel scared, ashamed and guilty, so they try to hide everything not only from strangers, but even from their friends and other members of the family. Some blame themselves being sure that such things happen only to people like them. Or if victims totally depend on the abuser, they may think that they will not survive without him/her.  It is very hard to prove that one suffers from abuse, if the partners do not want to admit and report the situation. However, there are some warning signs that might help to define a person who needs help. These are:Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Teenage Dating and Domestic Violence specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More â€Å"Frequent bruises and injuries that are explained by being clumsy or some other story; Absences from work or school due to bruises or injury; Low self-esteem, feeling that you cannot make it alone; Personality changes – an outgoing person becomes quiet and shy around the partner; Fear of conflict – as a result of being battered some victims may generalize the experience of powerlessness; Self-blame – taking all the blame for thing that go wrong; Stress related problems – poor sleep, non-specific aches or pains, stomach problems, chronic headaches (Lynetta, 2011, p.10). To leave the abuser is a step to improve one’s life. But, unfortunately, it is not enough. Very often abusers try to stop or even kill the victim as they got to know that the escape is planning or has already taken place. That is why it is important to report about domestic violence to the police and support groups in order to be safe and start a new life. Teen Dating Violence It is normal for teenagers to have dates and spend time with their boyfriend or girlfriend. Unfortunately, having not enough own experience and looking at parents who are abused by their spouses, teens are likely to suffer from tee n dating violence. It has lots in common with domestic violence, as one partner abuses other one in order to gain control over him/her. According to the research â€Å"1 in 5 teens who have been in a serious relationship report being hit, slapped or pushed by a partner† (Kenney, 2011, p. 53). Wanting to save independence and being ashamed, they usually keep silent and let nobody know about the abuse.  Teenagers dating violence includes physical, emotional and sexual abuse, just like domestic one. What is more, stalking is also typical for teens. This refers to â€Å"a pattern of harassing or threatening tactics that are unwanted and cause fear in the victim† (Understanding teen dating violence, 2014, p. 1). Due to the good knowledge and common use of technologies, teenagers tend to abuse their partners electronically. They send messages constantly or even post sexual photos of the partner. Teens are apt to believe that such things like name calling are normal and acc eptable in relationships. These actions may be considered to be a joke at first, but soon they might turn into abusive behaviour.  According to the research 22 per cent of women and 15 per cent of men suffer from dating violence between 11 and 17 years, and 9 percent of high school student claim that they were hurt by their partners on purpose. As in the case with domestic violence, females are the primary victims. The study shows that â€Å"90 per cent of abused boys reported feeling minimal pain or no pain at all during the worst abusive episode, while only 8.7 per cent of the abused girls reported minimal suffering or no suffering at all. A total of 47.8 per cent of abused girls indicated severe pain and bodily injuries as a result of the worst abusive episode† (Finley, 2013, p. 492). Also more than a half of the girls who were questioned claimed that their partners initiated the violence, as a counter to a quarter of boys.  The motivation to conduct violence differs d epending on the gender. Females claim to use force to defend themselves while males want to control the relationships. When girls try to use violence their partners usually laugh at them. When boys do it, girls tend to be in depression, commit suicide or take drugs.Advertising Looking for research paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conclusion Thus, it can be seen that a number of adults and teenagers suffer from abusive actions conducted by their partners. There are no particular abusers or victims, but females are more likely to be the ones who suffer. The situations between adults and adolescents are similar, but not identical. Teenage girls do not depend on their partners as much as adults. They do not live together, nor have children, so get more opportunities to leave. Teens are more influenced by their peers. They want to act like others and keep up with them. As adolescents have less experience, it is harder for them to cope with such situations, and they are likely to treat them as normal ones. Having problems at home, adolescents may prefer to stay with their partner paying no regard to the violence. There are a lot of programs made to protect people from abuse; however, the majority of them are focused on adults, not teenagers. References Finley, L. (2013). Encyclopedia of domestic violence and abuse . Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. Kenney, K. (2011). Domestic violence. North Mankato, MN: ABDO. Lynetta. (2011). Domestic violence: You are not alone. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse. Understanding teen dating violence. (2014). Web.

Womens Role in A Doll House essays

Women's Role in A Doll House essays Throughout the history of the world in most cultures women have been considered the submissive figure. In this role the female character would commonly have the main duties of caring for the children and pleasing her husband. Henrik Ibsens A Doll House shows one of these stereotypical marriages and the eventual realization of the life that is being lead by the woman submissive, in this case, Nora. Noras realization at the end of the play is not a sudden epiphany but a long journey in which she regained her self-esteem and self worth. This essay will attempt to show that throughout the play Noras frustration had been building and that in reality, the one act of sacrifice which Nora so desperately craved from Torvald might have delayed the destruction of the marriage, but nothing could The play opens and the reader quickly can see how one would get frustrated in the environment Nora lived in. Torvald is characterized as the typical male provider, strong and respectable. Meanwhile, Nora is degraded time and time again by Torvalds language. He consistently refers to her with pet names, little featherbrain, squirrel sulking, and song bird. All of these references make Nora seem ignorant and she seems unable to think for herself as she just plays on with whatever Torvald says. The ultimate example of this is the situation with the macaroons. This personifies Nora simply as a little child being punished by a parent as Torvald forbids her from eating them and then rebukes her when he suspects that she indeed has eaten some macaroons. Then she shows the extreme lack of self-confidence associated with her character early in the book when she hides her love for macaroons from him because she is afraid of him. Early on Nora is nothing more then a helpless, thoughtless, tool which Torvald can make do what he likes. This will change as ...

Mario Vargas Llosa Essay Example

Mario Vargas Llosa Essay Example Mario Vargas Llosa Essay Mario Vargas Llosa Essay The article of Mario Vargas Llosa seeks to showcase the relevance and importance of literature in today’s society. With the rapidly emerging technological improvements and developments, the study of literature becomes only a secondary endeavor. It is through this that he points out the reasons as to why the study should continue to become an integral part of mans undertaking and continued study. His first argument revolves around the shift of the idea concerning the study of literature. Through the years and decades that passed, the idea concerning the discipline seems to connote a â€Å"female activity†. This is due to the amount of time available for them. Likewise, it is in here that he argues for that literature is not only considered as a luxurious pastime but an instrument for honing mans formation of a better society (Llosa, 2001). After this, he pointed out the way man has been too preoccupied with the developments happening in their lives. He argued that due to man’s obsession towards improving technologically and intensifying specialization, the basic elements of life are being hampered. It is this continued passion to look deeper into something creates neglect of the importance of the overall whole. It is in this that many states are prone to various distortions of reality; leading to conflict and forms of violence (Llosa, 2001). Similarly, Llosa argued towards literature by linking it to its uniqueness and capability to extract experiences among different kinds of people. It continuously grows and develops as people prescribe different meanings and ideas dominant during a particular period in time. It is a method used to determine our own history as authors continue to relate their experiences using metaphorical and rhetorical stories. It is in these things that mans eyes are continuously opened as the truth concerning issues are constantly showcased. It also generates the level of satisfaction and appreciation of values and ideals in the goal of attaining truth and integrity. It gives man the ability to use their imagination towards perceiving and helps them engage in dialogue among other people. It is these collective experiences that continue to shape mans decisions and actions. In the end, literature â€Å"exists only when it is adopted by others and becomes a part of social life – when it becomes, thanks to reading, a shared experience† (Llosa, 2001, p.5) On the other hand, the absence of literature creates numerous limitations ranging from the verbal towards intellect and imagination. Its continued evolution paved the way for the creation of language. Similarly, it is used as an instrument to showcase a radical opposition to the status quo. Showing the ills and inequalities among each member solidifies the clamor and motivates change to happen. With these, it enables the formulation of new policies for governments to fight and clamor for an equal and democratic society (Llosa, 2001). In addition, literature may not all the time showcase the goodness of life. On the other hand, it can use symbols and imagination which can strike indelible marks in each ones personality and the ills of society. These insights provide us with the appropriate sensitivity to make the changes needed for individual and societal betterment. In the end, Llosa argues the struggle of man towards overdevelopment. With these, he fears that man can continuously lose interests in books and literature and the new trend in today’s society can only leave soulless individuals with no perception for change, sensitivity, and freedom to choose what they want to do. References Llosa, M.V. (2001) Why Literature in The New Republic. Retrieved October 18, 2008 pp. 1-7

Connection Between Surf, Spirituality And Media Speech or Presentation

Connection Between Surf, Spirituality And Media - Speech or Presentation Example Surfing brings about and evokes the spirituality within individuals. Surfing helps to rejuvenate the connections and oneness with the cosmology. It helps to link the surfer with the positive energy that persists in the world. Another experience that surfers share which evokes spirituality in them is friendly relation and bond they develop for the various aquatic species that reside within the ocean. Some suffers have also reported that they have experienced communication between various aquatic species that on various occasions when they were on the shore in solitude waiting for the right moment to hit the waves. It is also assumed that the spiritual connection that surfers go through also causes them to develop a sense of responsibility in them to save and protect the marine life that resides in water. Today, many organizations have been established that help surfers to gather on a platform, make them aware of their responsibility towards the aquatic life and also to acknowledge the m that the sport they play has a religious point of view too which means that surfing is not merely an experience but it has certain religious perspective.... Spirituality is something within or at times is sought. These days spirituality is obtained through various means. One of them is through sports. When a surfer hits the waves, he comes in contact with the forces of nature that persist. The waves drive him to the shore. On his entire quest on the waves he is in direct contact with nature, the surfer is eventually following the course of nature. Indulging in the waves, he finds his way to the shore which portrays a real experience; a man enters this temporary and fake world. Gets involved in various activities, those who seek the path of God and patiently wait for their reward finally stand victorious like a surfer after hitting the high waves comes back to the shore same way a man continues his journey in this world and the world after. Kreeft in his essay on surfing and spirituality states that "The key elements in the symbolism are pretty clear: I, the surfer, am—myself. The body with which I surf in the sea symbolizes the so ul, with which I "surf" in God. The sea is God. The beach is the approach to God. Surfing is the experience of God, or the spiritual life" (Kreeft, Surfing and spirituality). This is a very precise way to explain surfing and spirituality. Media plays a very important role when it comes to the reinforcement of sustainability as a principal part of surf mentality. This is an all-inclusivemeasure—the magazines and videos featuring professional surfers cannot be shallow and focus only on surfing. Sustainability needs to come up more frequently than once a year in the magazines, for example, in the â€Å"green† issue. Surf media affects the youth: many individuals were influenced by surfing

Present Value Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Present Value - Essay Example Interstate Travel Centre will borrow $2.5million to start-up the business. Hence the discount-rate for this project will be considerably higher compare to other two projects as the other two businesses do not intend to borrow long-term finances and rely on only short term financing and as their project start-up costs are very low compare to Interstate Travel Centre hence their discount-rates will be lower. Ice Dreams project would be more riskier than the RJ Wagner & Associates Realty project because the Ice Dreams project is 100% being financed through a loan and they would have to make interest payments even if they do not make a profit, whereas RJ Wagner & Associates Realty project is equity financed as well as debt financed and their interest payments will be considerably lower than   Ice Dreams hence RJ Wagner & Associates Realty project will have the lowest discount rate compare to the other two projects. The owners of Interstate Travel Centre, Steven and Janet Smith do not h ave the relevant experience or exposure to run such a business. Steven Smith had years of experience in the automotive repair industry, but this was a totally new domain for him. On the other hand Janet Smith had twenty years of experience of budgeting and book-keeping services for small companies. Janet Smith may not be capable enough to handle and manage the finances of a considerably larger business compare to her past experience. The owners would face many hardships due to their relative inexperience in handling or being part of bigger projects. Interstate Travel Centre have mentioned in their business plan that the restaurant business will generate the third highest revenue for the business. Both the Co-owners Steven and Janet Smith have absolutely no experience of working in the restaurant industry so the lack of knowledge and skill may hamper the sales of the company as they may not know the actual requirements of the customers visiting the restaurant. Hence Interstate Travel Centre business is very risky. On the other hand the owner of the Real Estate business, Regina J. Wagner, a broker by profession has credibility in the Real Estate market as she recently published a real estate book and due to her credibility she would be able to attract customers and as she had experience of the Real Estate market she would be better able to understand the needs and wants of the customers. She would also have contacts in the market which will help her in developing the business further. The experience of the owner in the same industry compare to the owners of Interstate Travel Centre makes this venture is less risky compared to the Interstate Travel Centre business. The Ice Dreams business has the advantage of being first movers in the area as there are no businesses who sell shaved ice at a large scale and their indirect competitors like Snow Shack do not provide good quality syrups and the weather in the city of El Centro, California is warm for seven months. He nce Ice Dreams have a good chance of establishing themselves as the market leaders in this city. On the other hand Interstate Travel Centre faces less competition but they are not the first movers in t

UNIT FIVE Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

UNIT FIVE - Assignment Example The ANA is a professional body that represents interests of over 3 million nurses in the United States (Mahlin, 2010). To make this an easier task, the ANA has incepted constituent and state associations. To begin with, the ANA is destined to foster high standards in nursing practice and promote the rights of nurses at their work place. Similarly, it provides a realistic view of nursing in a positive way. It extends its determination to improve the sector by engaging Congress and other regulatory bodies to achieve its mission (Naylor & Kurtzman, 2010). Its mission states that it is determined to advance nursing as a profession to improve the health of those that need it. The second association is the International Council of Nurses (ICN). This is an international body that aims to bring together all the registered nurses in many countries. As a matter of fact, the organization has embedded more than 130 nursing associations. Apparently, the organization has a limited number of member organizations in each country, which is equivalent to one. It has incorporated the all-inclusive structure that permits other domestic groups in nursing to become members (Carter et al., 2010). Its mission is to improve the nursing structure and service delivery from all the aspects in the sector. The leadership of ICN is in the hands of the President and three Vice Presidents who act as the executive committee. Comparatively, the ICN is similar to the ANA only that the ICN operates in a wider geographical region. The third nursing group that is proving to be instrumental is the National Association of Neonatal Nurses (NANN). The NANN addresses the educational needs and practices within neonatal nursing and specialty. Therefore, members benefit from the representation given by the organization. The NANN is similar to other associations only in that it is committed to improving the educational needs and specialty of neonatal nurses. Similarly, it explores other means of educating ne onatal nurses by focusing on peer reviewed publications, educational conferences, books, and other informative materials in the neonatal practice. The managers of these associations are instrumental driving forces in achieving the goals and missions of the group. For example, the managers ensure they hold annual meetings to evaluate the progress. As such, they are able to forge a way forward in implementing all the discussions. Secondly, there are negotiations with governing bodies which include Congress and governments in implementing the stated claims. Thirdly, these associations gather information through research to ensure the practice is being improved with time. Without such aspects, the nursing associations are not likely to mark an improvement in their respective work groups. In order to reach a collective bargain, there are various elements that are influential. First, workers are allowed to join any association of their choice as long as it does not affect their service de livery (Carter et al., 2010). This is constitutional, and nurses are allowed to join any group that will foster them to achieve their goals. Secondly, most of the nurses feel the urge to join these associations since they add value to the nurses. For example, the need to improve the service delivery pushes the nurses to join these groups for additional education. Thirdly, the nursing associations enhance the rights of nurses at their work place. Therefore, nurses join these

The influence of Hip Hop culture on middle eastern youth Essay

The influence of Hip Hop culture on middle eastern youth - Essay Example The consequent influence of hip hop culture on Middle East youth seeps into religion and society through the music. The hip hop culture offers a harmonious contradiction of values for Middle East youth through dress code, music, image, hip hop artistes, militarism and sexuality.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   From the debut of hip hop in the 1960's through the Civil Rights Movement, proponents of Afro-centric culture were either sworn Muslims or had Muslim sympathies. Malcolm X aka el-Hajj Malik el-Shabazz, Amiri Baraka, Muhammad Ali, Elijah Muhammad, Talib Kweli, Oshea Jackson aka Ice Cube, Snoop Dogg Brad Terrence Jordan aka Scarface, Mos Def, Q-Tip aka Fareed Kamal, Akhenaton, Busta Rhymes, Nas ne Nasir bin Olu Dara Jones and Queen Latifah are a few widely known names. "The best place for a young Black male or female is in the Nation of Islam. (As) soon as we as a people use our knowledge of self to our advantage, we will then be able to be called Blacks" (Decker 53). Here, popular rapper, hip hop representative and professed Muslim, Ice Cube observes the link between cultural identity through Black Nationalism and hip hop. Hip hop is well-known for its violent tendencies and some sects of Islam are notorious for their militancy. The predisposition toward violence and holy war or jihad conveniently fits hip hip within the framework of Islam. Although, hip hop does not belong solely to Blacks, the majority of hip hoppers are of African American origin. â€Å"Hip hop and rap cannot be viewed simply as an expression of African American culture; it has become a vehicle for global youth affiliations and a tool for reworking local identities all over the world" (Mitchell 1). The all-encompassing effect of globalization can be felt in all countries, absorbing all cultures. The phenomenon of the entry of hip hop into Middle East mainstream music is as a result of Black Muslims who proudly celebrated their identities and waged their wars of words both on the stage and the world stage. One of the pioneers of Black Muslim hip hop is the group, Soldiers of Allah, lyrical jihadis who declare, 'The mic is our weapon, our words are our ammunition, and the stage is our battle field.' This is the objective of Muslim hip-hop group, M-Team, which is short for Mujahideen Team (Miah 26). Again the Muslim word warriors highlight the themes of violence, jihadism and holy warfare. The Muslim holy warfare agrees with the hip hop gangster culture which applauds shootings, turf conflicts, and gang wars in urban neighborhoods. Unfortunately, globalization has brought in its trail mostly American hip hop culture; therefore the hip hop dress, the hip hop slang, drug dependency, partying, liberal sex culture, and some the hip hop doctrines become endorsed by the world of listeners. At the same time, hip hop has been frequently used as an open arena to voice social subjects such as  racial identity, racial discrimination, politics, history and religion. Turkey, Saud i Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Syria, Jordan and Yemen are all Middle East countries which shelters an underground hip hop culture. Censorships muffle hip hoppers and rappers to a certain extent; however, the technological breakthrough of the internet broke down and continues to erode walls which block the internet audience from hearing Muslim hip hop lyrics. Owing to the heterogeneous mixture of both the religious and the secular in Muslim hip hop, a new genre of music emerged.   Ã‚   "Youths use hip hop as a cultural repertoire from

The Importance of Nursing Research in Clinical Practice Essay

The Importance of Nursing Research in Clinical Practice - Essay Example The importance of research in clinical practice is that it provides analysis used to guide nursing profession. Clinical nursing research is based on the problems arising from the practice. Nursing research is conducted on patients facing real problems and the analysis gives chances of solving the problems through the upgrading of nursing care. There are two types of research that is basic and applied research. The basic research is undertaken to enlarge the foundation of understanding in the profession, produce or improve a theory. On the other hand, the applied research seeks to find solutions to existing problems. The research develops and supports clinical practice through recognition, exploration, prediction, explanation, description, and control of problems in the nursing practice (Polit & Beck 2004:18). The nurses in practice are expected to have immense knowledge and apply research and base their practice on evidence-based research. The evidence-based practice is the applicati on of the best evidence from research carried out by other health professionals and nurses to make patient care decisions. The nursing decisions based on evidence-based analysis are clinically suitable, cost-effective and results to positive patient outcomes (Polit & Beck 2014:3).A qualitative research is a wide word that covers various techniques and thoughts hence its complex nature. It is an approach that permits the study of people’s encounters in depth, by employing a particular set of research techniques.

Ultraviolet Light Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ultraviolet Light - Essay Example This spectrum is made up of Vacuum UV, UVA, UVB, UVC and Far UV (Gould 54). This paper will elaborate on the benefits and potential hazards of UV light. This light is said to have energies that range from 3 eV to 124 eV. This form of energy has various effects on the molecular structure of various molecules of living beings. The light energy has photon’s power to alter chemical bonds in the molecules even though they do not cause ionization of the atoms. Majority of the ultraviolet light is absorbed by the Ozone layer. The light that reaches the earth is mainly responsible for the formation of Vitamin D in living organisms. However, due to the destruction of the Ozone layer, some of the ultraviolet rays are able to reach the earth (Gould 55). There are various tools used to measure and detect the presence of UV light. Various technologies can be used with regards to the part of the spectrum. There are various photocathodes and photodiodes which are sensitive to a particular part of the spectrum may be used to determine the presence of UV light. It is imperative to incorporate the use of optics so as to filter out the unwanted light (Gould 57). The UV light spectrum has various effects and benefits to humans. This light has been applied in the medical, forensic, astronomy, research and other fields. In the medical field, it is used in sterilizing various tools and equipment. In forensics, it is utilized to detect body fluids in a crime scene. The method has also been used to identify counterfeit documents using a UV sensitive watermark. In research, this light is used in splitting various compounds, for example, proteins and nucleic acids. In conclusion, UV light is necessary in the synthesis of vitamin D. However, prolonged exposure of this light results in sunburns, direct DNA damage and skin cancer. It is also said to cause damage to the eyes as well as exacerbate pre-existing skin conditions. Although the UV light is harmful to the skin, it has been

The influence of Hip Hop culture on middle eastern youth Essay

The influence of Hip Hop culture on middle eastern youth - Essay Example The consequent influence of hip hop culture on Middle East youth seeps into religion and society through the music. The hip hop culture offers a harmonious contradiction of values for Middle East youth through dress code, music, image, hip hop artistes, militarism and sexuality.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   From the debut of hip hop in the 1960's through the Civil Rights Movement, proponents of Afro-centric culture were either sworn Muslims or had Muslim sympathies. Malcolm X aka el-Hajj Malik el-Shabazz, Amiri Baraka, Muhammad Ali, Elijah Muhammad, Talib Kweli, Oshea Jackson aka Ice Cube, Snoop Dogg Brad Terrence Jordan aka Scarface, Mos Def, Q-Tip aka Fareed Kamal, Akhenaton, Busta Rhymes, Nas ne Nasir bin Olu Dara Jones and Queen Latifah are a few widely known names. "The best place for a young Black male or female is in the Nation of Islam. (As) soon as we as a people use our knowledge of self to our advantage, we will then be able to be called Blacks" (Decker 53). Here, popular rapper, hip hop representative and professed Muslim, Ice Cube observes the link between cultural identity through Black Nationalism and hip hop. Hip hop is well-known for its violent tendencies and some sects of Islam are notorious for their militancy. The predisposition toward violence and holy war or jihad conveniently fits hip hip within the framework of Islam. Although, hip hop does not belong solely to Blacks, the majority of hip hoppers are of African American origin. â€Å"Hip hop and rap cannot be viewed simply as an expression of African American culture; it has become a vehicle for global youth affiliations and a tool for reworking local identities all over the world" (Mitchell 1). The all-encompassing effect of globalization can be felt in all countries, absorbing all cultures. The phenomenon of the entry of hip hop into Middle East mainstream music is as a result of Black Muslims who proudly celebrated their identities and waged their wars of words both on the stage and the world stage. One of the pioneers of Black Muslim hip hop is the group, Soldiers of Allah, lyrical jihadis who declare, 'The mic is our weapon, our words are our ammunition, and the stage is our battle field.' This is the objective of Muslim hip-hop group, M-Team, which is short for Mujahideen Team (Miah 26). Again the Muslim word warriors highlight the themes of violence, jihadism and holy warfare. The Muslim holy warfare agrees with the hip hop gangster culture which applauds shootings, turf conflicts, and gang wars in urban neighborhoods. Unfortunately, globalization has brought in its trail mostly American hip hop culture; therefore the hip hop dress, the hip hop slang, drug dependency, partying, liberal sex culture, and some the hip hop doctrines become endorsed by the world of listeners. At the same time, hip hop has been frequently used as an open arena to voice social subjects such as  racial identity, racial discrimination, politics, history and religion. Turkey, Saud i Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Syria, Jordan and Yemen are all Middle East countries which shelters an underground hip hop culture. Censorships muffle hip hoppers and rappers to a certain extent; however, the technological breakthrough of the internet broke down and continues to erode walls which block the internet audience from hearing Muslim hip hop lyrics. Owing to the heterogeneous mixture of both the religious and the secular in Muslim hip hop, a new genre of music emerged.   Ã‚   "Youths use hip hop as a cultural repertoire from

Ultraviolet Light Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ultraviolet Light - Essay Example This spectrum is made up of Vacuum UV, UVA, UVB, UVC and Far UV (Gould 54). This paper will elaborate on the benefits and potential hazards of UV light. This light is said to have energies that range from 3 eV to 124 eV. This form of energy has various effects on the molecular structure of various molecules of living beings. The light energy has photon’s power to alter chemical bonds in the molecules even though they do not cause ionization of the atoms. Majority of the ultraviolet light is absorbed by the Ozone layer. The light that reaches the earth is mainly responsible for the formation of Vitamin D in living organisms. However, due to the destruction of the Ozone layer, some of the ultraviolet rays are able to reach the earth (Gould 55). There are various tools used to measure and detect the presence of UV light. Various technologies can be used with regards to the part of the spectrum. There are various photocathodes and photodiodes which are sensitive to a particular part of the spectrum may be used to determine the presence of UV light. It is imperative to incorporate the use of optics so as to filter out the unwanted light (Gould 57). The UV light spectrum has various effects and benefits to humans. This light has been applied in the medical, forensic, astronomy, research and other fields. In the medical field, it is used in sterilizing various tools and equipment. In forensics, it is utilized to detect body fluids in a crime scene. The method has also been used to identify counterfeit documents using a UV sensitive watermark. In research, this light is used in splitting various compounds, for example, proteins and nucleic acids. In conclusion, UV light is necessary in the synthesis of vitamin D. However, prolonged exposure of this light results in sunburns, direct DNA damage and skin cancer. It is also said to cause damage to the eyes as well as exacerbate pre-existing skin conditions. Although the UV light is harmful to the skin, it has been

Japan Westernization Paper Essay Example for Free

Japan Westernization Paper Essay Prompt: Discuss possible reasons why Japan was the only non-western state to nationalize and win recognition as an equal and how it managed to accomplish this in a mere half century. Thesis: Being aware of recent Western invasions in China, Japan had recognized the need to transform their institutions and its society, therefore, Japan embraced nationalism. By 1649, Japan had shut down contact with the European world with the exception of a Dutch outpost on Deshima Island in Nagaski harbor (this outpost however, was only allowed to receive one ship all year). The Japanese also allowed the Chinese to trade at Nagasaki (only under severe restrictions) and Korea could trade through the islands of Tusushima. Other than this however, Japan was isolated. In 1853, the U.S sent Commodore Matthew Perry (with 3 steam frigates) to force Japan into opening its ports to trade. Japan had lacked the technology to fight against the U.S and the European powers that soon followed. Slowly (while being under pressure however), Japan opened more ports granted extraterritorial rights and where able to determine Japan’s tariff polices. Like China, Japan seemed to be getting controlled by the European powers. However, young, vigorous leaders took control of the government of Japan forcing a dramatic reconstruction of the nations polices, administration, class structure, economy, technology and culture. These leaders tended to be young samurai warriors in the han (feudal estates) of Choshu and Satsuma. The samurai were able to employ some of the technological information introduced by the Dutch from their station in Nagasaki harbor (the shogunate had established an office for translating Dutch material in 1811) and by 1840, some of the Japanese were already casting Western guns and artillery. A new leader, Sakuma Zozan (one of the advocates of adopting Western military methods) believed that opening the country was necessary and beneficial. However, not everyone had agreed. In 1860 a group of samurai (from the conservative han of Mito) argued a different opinion and eventually, Mito loyalists assassinated Sakuma. In 1868, forces of Choshu and Satusma (along with several more remote hans) took control of the emperor’s palace in Kyoto and declared the end of shogunate. The emperor was put back into imperial power.

Effect of Mission and Responsibilities on a Business

Effect of Mission and Responsibilities on a Business OUTLINE TASK 1: EXPLORE THE SIGNIFICANCE OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND THE EUROPEAN DIMENSION FOR UNITED KINGDOMS BUSINESSES Introduction Importance of international trade, economic integration and global markets in Unilevers business The impact of two micro economic policies and the influence of the global economy on United Kingdom-based organizations and stakeholders Economic implications Economic Monetary Union (EMU) in the United Kingdom TASK 2: IDENTIFY THE MISSION AND RESPONSIBILITIES; INVESTIGATE THE ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT AND BEHAVIOR OF ORGANIZATIONS The mission, values and key objectives of Unilever and an assessment of the influence of its stakeholders An evaluation of the extents to which Unilever achieves its objectives of its stakeholders Unilevers responsibilities and the strategies it employs to meet them How economic systems attempts to allocate and make effective use of resources for Unilever The impact of social welfare and industrial policy initiatives on Unilever and the wider community How market structures which Unilever uses deviate from the model of perfect competition Relationship between market forces and Unilevers response The behavior and competitive strategies employed by Unilever and the role of Competition and regulatory bodies References TASK 1: EXPLORE THE SIGNIFICANCE OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND THE EUROPEAN DIMENSION FOR UNITED KINGDOMS BUSINESSES Introduction Organizational mission, objectives and responsibilities are some of the contemporary managerial issues. These are the tools which managers use to steer their organizations in a purposeful and holistic manner. Basically, organizational mission is the most important end to which an organization accordingly harnesses and utilizes its resources in order to achieve a desired level of output. Organizational objectives can be described as the key points which an organization seek to use for attainment of its mission. On the other hand, organizational responsibilities are the everyday tasks which an organization must carry out with regards to both its internal and external operations. These entire three management concepts work hand in hand. But for any entity to ultimately accomplish the mission and realize its objectives, it should have a good structure. For any organization, profit making or not, to stay true and in line with its aims, it must have a well thought out and executable design and structure. Both the organizational structure and design borrow from each other. An organizational structure is a format within which an institution or a business entity devises and executes its day to day operations. It can be described as process of coordinating the human resource, communication and technology as well as other resources within a given organization. For an organization to come up with a structure, it has to enlist the use of a versatile design. A design must support any type of organization to reach the goals it is aiming to achieve. Normally, the staff discusses the needs of the organization and then come up with a criterion to meet the needs. Good designs accompanied with deliberate workforce effort are essential to realizing an effective organizational structure (Burton et al, 2006). An organization cannot be successful if it does not have an effective organizational design and structure. Without these two, it is not possible to effectively run operations of an organization. The structure entails having good policies, rules, chain of command, principles and other factors which are considered when coming up with a good design. If all these determinants are not coordinated then the staff of an organization will lack cooperation and the organization will definitely not achieve its intended goals as well as meet its needs. Such failures reflect poor management skills. Organizations should design its appropriately structures so as to take care of every need that is already present or may arise. In this paper we are going to outline and discuss some critical issues in management. We are going to specifically analyze Unilevers managerial approach. Unilever is an eminent corporation headquartered in the United Kingdom. It has several investments and business interests spanning the entire world. Unilever mainly deals with Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG). FMCGs are the day to day commodities essential for even the most ordinary life. These are, for instance, soaps, body lotions, beauty products, tea leaves, tissue papers, cooking fats and many others. In the FMCGs industry, Unilever is an established and the most revered player. Since it deals with the production, distribution and eventual sale of the most essential commodities in life as well as operating in many countries, it is the most appropriate organization to use as a business environment case study. Importance of foreign international trade, economic integration and global markets in Unilevers business International trade is the exchange of goods and services through the borders. This type of business has formed the firm foundation in the modern business world because the manufacturers and distributors attempt to gain from a wider market rather than looking at their own borders. Each and every firm intending to throw its nets wide must focus on the globalization of its marketing and distribution operations. The foreseeable constraints of venturing into international trade are deeply rooted in the standardizations and trade barriers formed through economic integrations and blocs formations. Many economies have learnt that they cannot effectively compete with the do-it-alone approach. Therefore there is a rise in regional economies coming together and forming bigger economies. This grouping and regrouping of states have a huge impact on the social, political and most important economic dimensions of organizations. There many benefits that come along side this integrations as well as demerits. Any organization in need of these benefits and willing to take the accompanying risks will surely take these challenges and reap from the goodies of global market. Just like any other multinational firm, Unilevers presence in the global market has helped in the continuous development of new market segment. In order to benefit from the economies of scale, the corporation shakes off the saturation in the European domestic market by gathering for the needs of international buyers. International trade is also important bearing in mind the corporations portfolio resources and products. To tap from these undoubted benefits of international trade, Unilever utilizes the various available options of internationalization. The concept of mergers and acquisitions has given the corporation a huge milestone in venturing into international trade. Among the many firms that has entered in an international partnership with the corporation are: Pepsico which works together to market and distribute Lipton, a ready-to-drink tea, Inmarko which is the leading ice cream corporation based in Russia and the imminent acquisition of Sara Lee division of body and laundry production. In a nutshell, the company has been able to secure a total of twenty acquisitions. Unilever can therefore be said to be a global corporation based on the attributes described before. This is justified by its presence in many nations and the use coordinated brands in global market. It however has one centralized office in the United Kingdom which manages the entire strategy. The European Union policies which affect tariffs and free trade agreements are going to have a final trickledown effect on the revenues and operations of Unilever. The elimination of trade restrictions and barriers within the European market means that the revenues are going to rise because of easy penetration to domestic regions. The removal of all tariffs on trade is one of the major benefits enjoyed by the corporation. The impact of two micro economic policies and the influence of the global economy on United Kingdom-based organizations and stakeholders Microeconomic policies are so far successful in creating structural changes in United Kingdoms organizations. These policies are the kinds of long term modifications in the patterns of producing output. The immediate reforms achieved are the reduction in inflationary expectations and maximization of production and job opportunities. The main aim of microeconomic policies is developing the operations of organizations, industries and markets with an objective of improving aggregate supply levels. The United Kingdoms government has been at the forefront in seeing that efficiency, flexibility and less costly production is the order of the day because these factors indirectly affect the supply side of the economy. There is need for firms to maximize efficiency and minimize production cost through adoption of current technologies for production of goods and services. Organizations such as Unilever which are technically efficient will tend to minimize the quantity of resources required for a given production activity. The government of United Kingdom has tried to see that there is healthy competition in the country. Microeconomic policies help firms to oversee the conduct of sectors which are competitive in that all the players are given a chance to compete with the each other in the market. There are some micro economic reforms which uses approaches such as corporation structures and privatization. The United Kingdoms government has tried to improve micro economic reforms so that the long term constraints to economic growth can be eliminated. Constraints to economic growth could be brought about by inefficient allocation of resources, undeveloped infrastructure, unstable price structure and underemployment of available labor. As a result, producers increase their prices and consumers buy cheap foreign goods thereby dampening growth. In order to achieve microeconomic objectives, policy makers must remove the obstacles in order to have efficient allocation of resources which is ideally supposed to be automatically done by the markets. Due to the increased competition brought about by privatization and deregulation, firms will manage to reduce cost and increase productivity with an aim of maximizing profits. In order to cut production costs, Unilever has been replacing human labor with automated systems. Some critics view this as a precursor to unemployment in the country. Microeconomic policies are very useful because they tend to bring about the element of competition among players in any given sector. Competition makes some firms to struggle while others reduce their prices and move towards the profit margin. Others who are unable to stay afloat exit the market. When a firm has more profit which is obtained from its revenue, it will invest and expand its business. As a result the firm will need more employees thereby creating more jobs opportunities and indirectly expanding the economy (Yip, 2007). Economic implications for the United Kingdom of entry to the Economic Monetary Union (EMU) The Economic Monetary Union is the adoption of one currency by the European Union member countries. This move has been achieved through the development of one European Central Bank and formulation of a common monetary policy. Such adoption of single currency has elicited a series of mixed reactions due to the economic implications. Some school of thought may argue that the adoption of EMU is irrelevant because it focuses strictly on the financial services sectors (Smith Grant, 2003). The critics of Economic Monetary Union claim that putting together economies of different sizes is going to be detrimental. This will mean that the entire Europe economy will be the least common denominator. In simpler terms, the economic muscle of the member states is going to be achieved through striking a balance between the participating economies. The poorly performing economies are going to pull down the perceived successful ones. Despite this pessimistic view of EMU, there will ultimately be a lot of attractiveness of euro financial assets due to eliminated exchange risk and improved liquidity. In addition the stability in macroeconomic environment is very instrumental in reduction of financing and investments risks. It is no doubt that the introduction of euro as the common currency in the European Union has improved prices transparency. There are no fears by someone using euro resulting from using different currency (Smith Grant, 2003). The firms in the Unions territory are able to comfortably compare prices without worry of actual value being distorted by conventional highly and volatile exchange rates. From an external point of view, the consolidated EMU area is in a position to be self sufficient and independent of the Asian or American influences. Thus partnership has a political effect. The mutual relationships between nations are going to be fostered since the bad blood is eliminated by continually partnering in the formulation and improvement framework of the common market policies. The European Union firms, in which our organization of discussion is part, are going to increase their profitability through elimination of currency exchange transaction costs. Other trade focused proponents of this worth venture claim that no cent will be lost on the fluctuating exchange rates. Trading as a bloc makes Europe compete effectively with other regional giants in the Far East and America. In conclusion, all these discussed issues notwithstanding, Unilever is regarded as a strong organization with a big history behind it. It is an absolute truth that it has a future that is beyond limit. This can be evidenced by the way it is well organized and designed. It also deals with all its stakeholders on mutually beneficial basis. In addition, since it operates in many countries around the world, it has always upheld the rule of law while engaging with the various governments and in its operations. TASK 2: IDENTIFY THE MISSION AND RESPONSIBILITIES; INVESTIGATE THE ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT AND BEHAVIOR OF ORGANIZATIONS The mission, values and key objectives of Unilever and an assessment of the influence of its stakeholders The main mission of Unilever is to cater for the needs of the people in the world. The corporation envisages the desires of its customers by reacting to the market forces in a creative and competitive manner. This corporation is well established and its approaches are well rooted in the local cultures of the area which it operates in. This has aided it to capture and maintain an even wider market throughout the world unlike its competitors. Its long term success emanates from its commitment to customer satisfaction and unique standards of performance as well as quality in its products. The staff and the management collectively work as a unit and have the willingness to grasp new ideas and integrate quickly as possible. This firm believes that for it to succeed there has to be a consistent maintenance of corporate behavior among its workers, to the consumers, society, and immediate competitors as well. There is a high continuance of business codes, principles and regulations that char acterize its operational standards which are embraced by everyone in Unilever. The corporation performs its duties and carries out its obligation with a lot of honesty, uprightness, integrity, and sincerity. It respects human rights in relation to its staff employment and remuneration terms and by making sure that their interests are always put forward. Not only does it respect the rights of the staff but also the people and other firms it interacts with (Jones, 2005). Unilever makes sure that its staff adheres to the laws of every country which it operates in. The corporation has dedicated itself to improvement in an environment where there is common trust and value and where everyone is held liable for the performance and status of the firm. This corporation recruits, employ and support qualified candidates on individual basis of academic merits, experience and abilities required for each and every position it advertises. The management is dedicated to seeing that the socio-economic wellbeing of the staff is looked into and in doing so, it does not allow forced labor or compulsory labor to children. The staff is given freedom to freely associate with each other and with those outside the corporation. The staff benefits from effective communication system and receives regular support from the upper management of the organization in terms of consultation. On the other hand, consumers benefit from this corporation through being provided with high quality branded products and services whose prices are always stable. They are offered products which are of high utility and safe for its probable use. Before releasing any new product to the market, Unilever makes sure that the consumers are well informed about it through prior advertisements and appropriate branding (Jones, 2005). Similarly, its suppliers have greatly benefited from this corporation because they have established mutual working relationship with it and even its other business partners. Unilever also involves the society in its corporate activities and ensures that it has fulfilled its social responsibilities to the whole community. This corporation values the environment it operates in because it is committed to making continuous improvements within the organization with a view of constantly assessing environmental impacts with an intention of establishing long term. The corporation has developed fair competition laws among its staff. In their lines of duty, they have a natural inclination to conduct themselves in accordance with the principles of free and fair competition. There is high maintenance of business integrity in that both the staff and the management do not give nor receive any bribe. There is a rule that corruption should be reported immediately to the management. There is maintenance of a high rate of transparency because its accounting records are well audited and reported periodically. The code of conduct is also examined and anybody who breaches it is supposed to follow the procedures listed by the joint secretaries. This corporation has a management board which ensures that the principles set out are complied with. They also make sure that the principles set out are implemented to the letter. This board meets regularly to discuss emerging issues and oversee the whole corporation besides making major decisions. An evaluation of the extents to which Unilever achieves its objectives of its stakeholders The success of this corporation has been attributed to towering relationships which it has developed and maintained with a number of people and other organizations acting as its most direct stakeholders. Its stakeholders are the consumers, input providers and shareholders. Other stakeholders are the government, regulating bodies, the society, scholars, and individuals who are concerned with what the corporation produces and the impacts of it products on the consumers (Jones, 2005). This corporation manages to achieve its objectives by engaging its stakeholders in unique and different ways. The stakeholders are engaged in different levels and ways depending on their interest. The corporation sees that the interests of the consumers are also met. It continuously sends its team to the field so that they can analyze and understand various tastes, needs and trends of existing and targeted consumers. The corporation also holds several meetings with local governments and civil society organizations. The engagement with the governments is fundamentally based on issues like change of regulations, licensing, trade terms, tariffs and tax matters. It also engages other associated companies in several areas such as nutrition, and conducts various research projects with an aim of improving its products and market share. The key step of engaging the stakeholders is that most of it is made from the local levels, to regional levels and finally at the global arena. There is always an improved partnership with intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations throughout the world. This partnership brings in the much needed expertise and adds knowledge in several vital areas as well as bringing on board the practical initiatives from the ground. This corporation operates in using multiple approaches to guarantee its stakeholders contentment. For example on environment concerns, it is in no doubt that it has created a friendly atmosphere which will sustain its business for a long time to the future. It works hand in hand with other partners in making the environment safe and also provides information on the importance of maintaining a healthy environment. In Kenya, for instance, Unilever engages it social responsibility capacity to plant over a billion trees in the next five years. The corporation maintains and defends the right of its customers. Unilever has strong co-operation with the governments and various organizations which it engages with directly or indirectly for example trade unions. The main reason why this organization involves its stakeholders is because it is more concerned with maintaining its legitimate interests in business. To make sure that its objectives are observing corporate ethics, the corporation supports the introduction of competition laws. It also makes sure that the staff conducts their duties according to the rules and regulations of fair competition (Jones, 2005). This corporation values its staff such that it creates an environment where mutual trust is a main principle. This is why it offers safe and rich working conditions for the staff. It guarantees to its staff all the basic freedoms. Unilevers responsibilities and the strategies it employs to meet them The corporation makes sure that its consumers meet their everyday needs in matters of nutrition, sanitation and personal care. The corporation produces brands which make people feel good and gain more in life. Its key objective is sustainability which really acts as the backbone of the main business. Through the products that it sells to the consumers, it has an aim of inspiring people. It regards the customer satisfaction as a fundamental part of development and it is for this reason that the corporation is in touch with the society. In order to succeed, the corporation always ensures that corporate standards are maintained to the highest level possible. There are various fields in which Unilever deals in, some of the major ones are: nutrition, hygiene and personal care. The subsequent responsibilities undertaken by this corporation is clearly explained by the nature of business that it engages in. It is involved in promotion of its customers health diet and living standards in collaboration with healthcare bodies such as United Nations Children Education Fund (UNICEF) and World Health Organization (WHO). In order to provide healthy nutrition to the society, this corporation has developed new policies which promote proper diet and educate consumers of the importance of using healthy products. The corporation is involved in global campaigns which are related to hygiene. Through these campaigns it has managed to prevent, on a wider scale, some hygiene related diseases. This corporation ensures that the environment is managed accordingly through consideration of some factors such as farming, aquatic life and water. It has also introduced proper marketing programs which sustain fisheries and water conservation activities in the whole world. How economic systems attempts to allocate and make effective use of resources for Unilever The main aim of Unilever is to utilize resources available to it for maximizing profit in the various countries it operates. Its multidimensional products and status as a market leader in all other aspects and responsibilities emanates from a deeper background. This corporation has spread its wings to a wider world economy and is recognized as a responsible to the entire society. Having occupied this big space, this corporation has become the main target of attack from those companies which disagrees with the way it runs its business. Being one of the leading FMCG corporations with several interests represented both geographically and functionally. This firm utilizes various economic systems in seeing that economic resources are allocated properly. It uses central planning where the management identifies and designs the production of the kinds of goods and services required by the prospective consumers. After identifying these commodities, it produces and distributes them to the earm arked regions. The process of identifying the much needed goods and services globally needs proper deliberation and understanding of complexity of such an exercise. Several people are often involved in this exercise where factories and suppliers are given guidelines of what they ought to produce or not. This corporation has planners who approximate and plan the allocation of the required resources in producing the forecasted output. This corporation has employed many people who efficiently utilize these non-human resources to produce optimum output and are in turn given wages or salaries. The numbers of staff is also controlled for the corporation to plan how to cater for the amount of salaries and wages they will be paid. The reason behind planning for this allocation of resources is for employees to work towards realizing the optimum output. The management also plans for the prices at which these commodities will be sold at. By using free market economy, the corporation always focuses on demand and supply forces in determining both the prices and quantities for the commodities. The general public will create demand and supply which will later determine prices and quantities of output produced. The final market prices are very critical to both the producers and consumers in determining how much will be produced and supplied and bought respectively. By doing so, Unilevers management has several motives such as the reward of an enterprise, adequate information to producers and consumers, price that shows costs and benefits and the simplicity in which resources can be maximally allocated and utilized (Yip, 2007). The corporation takes risk of producing goods and services with an expectation of some returns after the sales are made. There is also the fundamental need to maximize revenues and minimize costs. For this to be realized, Unilever depends on the superior market information which enables it to access supplies at a low cost and to strategically place the prices of its commodities. It also has very effective mechanisms of systematizing production in the most competent way and looking for resources at an affordable cost. Consumers constantly require information which will guide them of what is in the market. This corporation needs to give the prices of the various commodities which it is offering in the market. Prices in any firm, is a focus point in that it gives a signal to both suppliers and consumers. Consumers have to know the amount of money they are supposed to part with for any given product. The amount of money allocated by consumers for a consumption of a product reflects its true value and the maximum possible utility they can draw from it. It is also notable that Unilever keeps on inventing and innovating new and viable ideas for all the products it can manufacture. By doing so, it is able to expand the demand and for new products as well as fostering higher and better returns. The corporation also focuses in procuring and moving the resources which are necessary to produce the new products. When a variety of complementary and substitutable products are availed in the marketplace, it gives the consumers multiple consumption choices and the competing firms will have to adjust their respective prices and quantities in order to maximize revenues and establish themselves in the market. The impact of social welfare and industrial policy initiatives on Unilever and the wider community The main purpose of developing industrial policies within organizations is to establish a course of action which will provide support that is helpful in achieving development goals which depends on manufacturing and industrial sectors. These policies justify that market failures hinder free markets and therefore many countries do not manage to achieve development targets. For this reason, government can overcome the problem of market failures through intervention and ensuring that there is free and fair competition. Industrial policies are very important because they tend to favor large corporations such as Unilever. These policies are widely accepted and supported because they provide a more effective way of dealing with market failures. In the process of dealing with market failures, the governments can come with better ways of accessing quality information, empowering legal and institutional frameworks, providing adequate infrastructural support, and avails to the business entitie s a favorable environment needed for industrial and economic development. In an effort of preventing or avoiding market failures, planners focus on industrial policies which attract and level competition. There are some unavoidable externalities which bring about increase in costs and therefore some interventions are more important and urgent than others because they aim at reducing these costs and realization of the benefits resulting from economies of scale. There are various externalities that hamper free and fair competitions which can either be within or outside business entities and countries. Examples of these externalities are perennial problems in the labor market which at times tends to be rigid and inadequate finances for stimulation of growth. The cost associated with accessing information is also a major externality which hinders open and fair competition. There are also those industrial policies which focus on ways of overcoming information externalities and by doing so, they create an enabling environment which permits organizations to compl y with international standards , engage in experimentation, come up with new product lines and access new markets while expanding the existing markets. Since Unilever makes proper use of industrial policies, it seems to enjoy good environment in which the producers will find resources required for the business. Economic growth is enhanced by an efficient market economy which allows access to markets and economic capital. The aim of industrial policy is to aid industrial sector and its growth. Being a non-governmental organization, Unilever sets crucial conditions for a complete strengthening of plurality and democracy in the societies which has its operations in. Therefore, the improvement of non-governmental organizations has an impact on individuals and the overall development of society. Social welfares are very important in the society because they lead to development of projects which are individually beneficial and can adjust to the need of the society. Projects which are beneficial to the society should be in the hands of private sector because they are very close to the society and understand their needs. How market structures which Unilever uses deviate from the model of perfect competition Market structure is the manner in which a corporation experience competition during the delivery of goods and services. The structures are very dynamic and both extremes do exist depending on the market in which one is operating and the type of goods being dealt with. The theoretically existing market structures are: perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly and monopoly. Out of these e